George
Custer
Excerpts
from My Life On the Plains, or Personal Experiences with the Indians
Chapter One. The Great Plains.
...
It
is but a few years ago that every schoolboy, supposed to possess the rudiments
of a knowledge of the geography of the United States, could give the boundaries
and a general description of the Great American Desert. As to the boundary the
knowledge seemed to be quite explicit: on the north bounded by the Upper
Missouri, on the east by the Lower Missouri and Mississippi, on the south by
Texas, and on the west by the Rocky Mountains. The boundaries on the northwest
and south remained undisturbed, while on the east civilization, propelled and
directed by Yankee enterprise, adopted the motto: Westward the star of empire
takes its way. Countless throngs of emigrants crossed the Mississippi and
Missouri rivers, selecting homes in the rich and fertile territories lying
beyond. Each year this tide of emigration, strengthened and increased by the
flow from foreign shores, advanced toward the setting sun, slowly but surely
narrowing the preconceived limits of the Great American Desert, and
correspondingly enlarging the limits of civilization. At last the geographical
myth was dispelled. It was gradually discerned that the Great American Desert
did not exist, that it had no abiding place, but that within its supposed
limits and instead of what had been regarded as a sterile and unfruitful tract
of land incapable of sustaining either man or beast there existed the fairest
and richest portion of the national domain, blessed with a climate pure,
bracing, and healthful, while its undeveloped soil rivalled if it did not
surpass the most productive portions of the eastern, middle, or southern
states.
Discarding
the name Great American Desert, this immense tract of country, with its eastern
boundary moved back by civilization to a distance of nearly three hundred miles
west of the Missouri River, is now known as the Plains, and by this more
appropriate title it shall be called when reference to it is necessary. The
Indian tribes which have caused the Government most anxiety and whose
depredations have been most serious against our frontier settlements and
prominent lines of travel across the Plains, infest that portion of the Plains
bounded on the north by the valley of the Platte River and its tributaries, on
the east by a line running north and south between the 97th and 98th meridians,
on the south by the valley of the Arkansas River, and west by the Rocky
Mountains-although by treaty stipulations almost every tribe with which the
Government has recently been at war is particularly debarred from entering or
occupying any portion of this tract of country.
...
It
is to be regretted that the character of the Indian as described in Cooper's
interesting novels is not the true one. But as, in emerging from childhood into
the years of a maturer age we are often compelled to cast aside many of our
earlier illusions and replace them by beliefs less inviting but more real, so
we, as a people, with opportunities enlarged and facilities for obtaining
knowledge increased, have been forced by a multiplicity of causes to study and
endeavour to comprehend thoroughly the character of the red man. So intimately
has he become associated with the Government as ward of the nation, and so
prominent a place among the questions of national policy does the much mooted
Indian question occupy, that it behooves us no longer to study this problem
from works of fiction, but to deal with it as it exists in reality.
Stripped
of the beautiful romance with which we have been so long willing to envelop
him, transferred from the inviting pages of the novelist to the localities
where we are compelled to meet with him, in his native village, on the war
path, and when raiding upon our frontier settlements and lines of travel, the
Indian forfeits his claim to the appellation of the noble red man. We
see him as he is, and, so far as all knowledge goes, as he ever has been, a savage
in every sense of the word; not worse, perhaps, than his white brother would
be, similarly born and bred, but one whose cruel and ferocious nature far
exceeds that of any wild beast of the desert.
That
this is true no one who has been brought into intimate contact with the wild
tribes will deny. Perhaps there are some who as members of peace commissions or
as wandering agents of some benevolent society may have visited these tribes or
attended with them at councils held for some pacific purpose, and who, by
passing through the villages of the Indian while at peace, may imagine
their opportunities for judging of the Indian nature all that could be desired.
But the Indian, while he can seldom be accused of indulging in a great variety
of wardrobe, can be said to have a character capable of adapting itself to
almost every occasion. He has one character, perhaps his most serviceable one,
which he preserves carefully, and only airs it when making his appeal to the
Government or its agents for arms, ammunition, and license to employ them. This
character is invariably paraded, and often with telling effect, when the motive
is a peaceful one. Prominent chiefs invited to visit Washington invariably don
this character, and in their talks with the Great Father and other less
prominent personages they successfully contrive to exhibit but this one phase.
Seeing them under these or similar circumstances only, it is not surprising
that by many the Indian is looked upon as a simple-minded son of nature,
desiring nothing beyond the privilege of roaming and hunting over the vast
unsettled wilds of the West, inheriting and asserting but few native rights,
and never trespassing upon the rights of others.
This
view is equally erroneous with that which regards the Indian as a creature
possessing the human form but divested of all other attributes of humanity, and
whose traits of character, habits, modes of life, disposition, and savage
customs disqualify him from the exercise of all rights and privileges, even
those pertaining to life itself. Taking him as we find him, at peace or at war,
at home or abroad, waiving all prejudices, and laying aside all partiality, we
will discover in the Indian a subject for thoughtful study and investigation.
In him we will find the representative of a race whose origin is, and promises
to be, a subject forever wrapped in mystery; a race incapable of being judged
by the rules or laws applicable to any other known race of men; one between
which and civilization there seems to have existed from time immemorial a
determined and unceasing warfare-a hostility so deep-seated and inbred with the
Indian character that in the exceptional instances where the modes and habits
of civilization have been reluctantly adopted, it has been at the sacrifice of
power and influence as a tribe, and the more serious loss of health, vigor, and
courage as individuals.
...
Chapter Two. Gen.
Hancock's Campaign.
...
How many military men have
reaped laurels from their Indian campaigns? Does he strive to win the approving
smile of his countrymen? That is indeed, in this particular instance, a
difficult task. For let him act as he may in conducting or assisting in a
campaign against the Indians, if he survives the campaign he can feel assured
of this fact, that one-half of his fellow-citizens at home will revile him for
his zeal and pronounce his success, if he achieves any, a massacre of poor,
defenceless, harmless Indians; while the other half if his efforts to chastise
the common enemy are not crowned with satisfactory results, will cry "Down
with him. Down with the regular army, and give us brave volunteers who can
serve the Government in other ways besides eating rations and drawing
pay."
...
It
may be asked, what had the Indians done to make this incursion necessary? They
had been guilty of numerous thefts and murders during the preceding summer and
fall, for none of which had they been called to account. They had attacked the
stations of the overland mail route, killed the employees, burned the stations,
and captured the stock. Citizens had been murdered in their homes on the
frontier of Kansas; murders had been committed on the Arkansas route. The
principal perpetrators of these acts were the Cheyennes and Sioux. The agent of
the former, if not a party to the murder on the Arkansas, knew who the guilty
persons were, yet took no steps to bring the murderers to punishment. Such a
course would have interfered with his trade and profits. It was not to punish
for these sins of the past that the expedition was set on foot, but rather by
its imposing appearance and its early presence in the Indian country to check
or intimidate the Indians from a repetition of their late conduct. This was
deemed particularly necessary from the fact that the various tribes from which
we had greatest cause to anticipate trouble had during the winter, through
their leading chiefs and warriors, threatened that as soon as the grass was up
in the spring a combined outbreak would take place along our entire frontier,
and especially against the main routes of travel. To assemble the tribes for
the desired council, word was sent early in March to the agents of those tribes
whom it was desirable to meet. The agents sent runners to the villages inviting
them to meet us at some point near the Arkansas River.
...
Orders were issued on the
evening of the 12th for the march to be resumed on the following day. Later in
the evening two chiefs of the Dog Soldiers, a band composed of the most warlike
and troublesome Indians on the Plains, chiefly made up of Cheyennes, visited
our camp. They were accompanied by a dozen warriors, and expressed a desire to
hold a conference with General Hancock, to which he assented. A large council
fire was built in front of the General's tent, and all the officers of his
command assembled there. A tent had been erected for the accommodation of the
chiefs a short distance from the General's. Before they could feel equal to the
occasion, and in order to obtain time to collect their thoughts, they desired
that supper might be prepared for them, which was done. When finally ready they
advanced from their tent to the council fire in single file, accompanied by
their agent and an interpreter. Arrived at the fire, another brief delay
ensued. No matter how pressing or momentous the occasion, an Indian invariably
declines to engage in a council until he has filled his pipe and gone through
with the important ceremony of a smoke. This attended to, the chiefs announced
that they were ready to "talk." They were then introduced to the
principal officers of the group, and seemed much struck with the flashy
uniforms of the few artillery officers who were present in all the glory of red
horsehair plumes, aigulets, etc. The chiefs seemed puzzled to determine whether
these insignia designated chieftains or medicine men.
General
Hancock began the conference by a speech in which he explained to the Indians
his purpose in coming to see them, and what he expected of them in the future.
He particularly informed them that he was not there to make war, but to promote
peace. Then expressing his regret that more of the chiefs had not visited him,
he announced his intention of proceeding on the morrow with his command to the
vicinity of their village and there holding a council with all of the chiefs.
Tall Bull, a fine, warlike-looking chieftain, replied to General Hancock, but
his speech contained nothing important, being made up of allusions to the
growing scar city of the buffaloes, his love for the white man, and the usual
hint that a donation in the way of refreshments would be highly acceptable; he
added that he would have nothing new to say at the village.
Several
years prior to the events referred to, our people had captured from the Indians
two children. I believe they were survivors of the Chivington massacre
at Sand Creek, Colorado. These children had been kindly cared for, and were
being taught to lead a civilized mode of life. Their relatives, however, made
demands for them, and we by treaty stipulation agreed to deliver them up. One
of them, a little girl, had been cared for kindly in a family living near
Denver, Colorado; the other, a boy, had been carried East to the States, and it
was with great difficulty that the Government was able to learn his whereabouts
and obtain possession of him. He was finally discovered, however, and sent to
General Hancock, to be by him delivered up to his tribe. He accompanied the
expedition, and was quite a curiosity for the time being. He was dressed
comfortably, in accordance with civilized custom; and, having been taken from
his people at so early an age, was apparently satisfied with the life he led.
The Indians who came to our camp expressed a great desire to see him, and when
he was brought into their presence they exhibited no emotion such as white men
under similar circumstances might be expected to show. They evidently were not
pleased to see him clothed in the white man's dress. The little fellow, then
some eight or ten years of age, seemed little disposed to go back to his
people. I saw him the following year in the village of his tribe; he then had
lost all trace of civilization, had forgotten his knowledge of the English
language, and was as shy and suspicious of the white man as any of his dusky
comrades. From older persons of the tribe we learned that their first act after
obtaining possession of him was to deprive him of his "store clothes"
and in their stead substitute the blanket and leggings.
...
At 11 A.M. we resumed the
march, and had proceeded but a few miles when we witnessed one of the finest
and most imposing military displays, prepared according to the Indian art of
war, which it has ever been my lot to behold. It was nothing more nor less than
an Indian line of battle drawn directly across our line of march; as if to say:
thus far and no farther. Most of the Indians were mounted; all were bedecked in
their brightest colours, their heads crowned with the brilliant war- bonnet,
their lances bearing the crimson pennant, bows strung, and quivers full of
barbed arrows. In addition to these weapons, which with the hunting-knife and
tomahawk are considered as forming the armament of the warrior, each one was
supplied with either a breech-loading rifle or revolver, sometimes with
both-the latter obtained through the wise foresight and strong love of fair
play which prevails in the Indian Department, which, seeing that its wards are
determined to fight, is equally determined that there shall be no advantage
taken, but that the two sides shall be armed alike; proving, too, in this
manner the wonderful liberality of our Government, which not only is able to
furnish its soldiers with the latest improved style of breech-loaders to defend
it and themselves, but is equally able and willing to give the same pattern of
arms to their common foe. The only difference is, that the soldier, if he loses
his weapon, is charged double price for it; while to avoid making any such
charge against the Indian, his weapons are given him without conditions
attached.
In
the line of battle before us there were several hundred Indians, while farther
to the rear and at different distances were other organized bodies acting
apparently as reserves. Still farther were small detachments who seemed to
perform the duty of couriers, and were held in readiness to convey messages to
the village. The ground beyond was favourable for an extended view, allowing
the eye to sweep the plain for several miles. As far as the eye could reach
small groups or individuals could be seen in the direction of the village;
these were evidently parties of observation, whose sole object was to learn the
result of our meeting with the main body and hasten with the news to the
village.
For
a few moments appearances seemed to foreshadow anything but a peaceful issue.
The infantry was in the advance, followed closely by the artillery, while my
command, the cavalry, was marching on the flank. General Hancock, who was
riding with his staff at the head of the column, coming suddenly in view of the
wild fantastic battle array, which extended far to our right and left and not
more than half a mile in our front, hastily sent orders to the infantry,
artillery, and cavalry to form line of battle, evidently determined that if war
was intended we should be prepared. The cavalry, being the last to form on the
right, came into line on a gallop, and, without waiting to align the ranks
carefully, the command was given to draw sabre. As the bright blades flashed
from their scabbards into the morning sunlight, and the infantry brought their
muskets to a carry, a most beautiful and wonderfully interesting sight was
spread out before and around us, presenting a contrast which, to a military
eye, could but be striking.
Here
in battle array, facing each other, were the representatives of civilized and
barbarous warfare. The one, with but few modifications, stood clothed in the
same rude style of dress, bearing the same patterned shield and weapon that his
ancestors had borne centuries before; the other confronted him in the dress and
supplied with the implements of war which the most advanced stage of civilization
had pronounced the most perfect. Was the comparative superiority of these two
classes to be subjected to the mere test of war here? Such seemed the
prevailing impression on both sides. All was eager anxiety and expectation.
Neither side seemed to comprehend the object or intentions of the other; each
was waiting for the other to deliver the first blow. A more beautiful battle
ground could not have been chosen. Not a bush or even the slightest
irregularity of ground intervened between the two lines which now stood
frowning and facing each other. Chiefs could be seen riding along the line as
if directing and exhorting their braves to deeds of heroism.
After
a few moments of painful suspense General Hancock, accompanied by General A. J.
Smith 6 and other officers, rode forward, Hancock very naturally inquired the
object of the hostile attitude displayed before us, saying to the chiefs that
if war was their object we were ready then and there to participate. Their
immediate answer was that they did not desire war, but were peacefully
disposed. They were then told that we would continue our march toward the
village and encamp near it, but would establish such regulations that none of
the soldiers would be permitted to approach or disturb them. An arrangement was
then effected by which the chiefs were to assemble at General Hancock's
headquarters as soon as our camp was pitched. The interview then terminated,
and the Indians moved off in the direction of their village, we following
leisurely in rear.
A
march of a few miles brought us in sight of the village, which was situated in
a beautiful grove on the banks of the stream up which we were marching. The
village consisted of upwards of three hundred lodges, a small fraction over
half belonging to the Cheyennes, the remainder to the Sioux. Like all Indian
encampments, the ground chosen was a most romantic spot, and at the same time
fulfilled in every respect the requirements of a good camping-ground; wood,
water, and grass were abundant. The village was placed on a wide, level
plateau, while on the north and west, at a short distance off, rose high
bluffs, which admirably served as a shelter against the cold winds which at
that season of the year prevail from these directions. Our tents were pitched within
half a mile of the village. Guards were placed between to prevent intrusion
upon our part. A few of the Indian ponies found grazing near our camp were
caught and returned to them, to show that our intentions were at least
neighbourly. We had scarcely pitched our tents when Roman Nose, Bull Bear, Gray
Beard, and Medicine Wolf, all prominent chiefs of the Cheyennes, came into camp
with the information that upon our approach their women and children had all
fled from the village, alarmed by the presence of so many soldiers, and
imagining a second Chivington massacre to be intended.
...
Chapter Four.
Indian Raids and Murders.
...
The remainder of his [General
Hancock’s] mission was completed more successfully. Aided by daylight, and
moving nearly due north, he soon struck the well-travelled overland route, and
from the frightened employees at the nearest station he obtained intelligence
which confirmed our worst fears as to the extent of the Indian outbreak. Stage
stations at various points along the route had been attacked and burned, and
the inmates driven off or murdered. All travel across the Plains was suspended,
and an Indian war with all its barbarities had been forced upon the people of
the frontier.
As
soon as the officer ascertaining these facts had returned to camp and made his
report, the entire command was again put in motion and started in the direction
of the stage route, with the intention of clearing it of straggling bands of
Indians, reopening the main line of travel across the Plains, and establishing
if possible upon the proper tribes the responsibility for the numerous outrages
recently committed. The stage stations were erected at points along the route
distant from each other from ten to fifteen miles, and were used solely for the
shelter and accommodation of the relays of drivers and horses employed on the
stage route. We found, in passing over the route on our eastward march that
only about every fourth station was occupied, the occupants of the other three
having congregated there for mutual defence against the Indians, the latter
having burned the deserted stations.
From
the employees of the company at various points we learned that for the few
preceding days the Indians had been crossing the line, going toward the north in
large bodies. In some places we saw the ruins of the burned stations, but it
was not until we reached Lookout Station, a point about fifteen miles west of
Fort Hays, that we came upon the first real evidences of an Indian outbreak.
Riding some distance in advance of the command, I reached the station only to
find it and the adjacent buildings in ashes, the ruins still smoking. Near by I
discovered the bodies of the three station-keepers, so mangled and burned as to
be scarcely recognizable as human beings. The Indians had evidently tortured
them before putting an end to their sufferings. They were scalped and horribly
disfigured. Their bodies were badly burned, but whether before or after death
could not he determined. No arrow or other article of Indian manufacture could
be found to positively determine what particular tribe was the guilty one. The
men at other stations had recognized some of the Indians passing as belonging
to the Sioux and Cheyennes, the same we had passed from the village on Pawnee Fork.
Continuing
our march, we reached Fort Hays, from which point I despatched a report to
General Hancock, on the Arkansas, furnishing him all the information I had
gained concerning the outrages and movements of the Indians. As it has been a
question of considerable dispute between the respective advocates of the Indian
peace and war policy, as to which party committed the first overt act of war,
the Indians or General Hancock's command, I quote from a letter on the subject
written by Major-General Hancock to General Grant, in reply to a letter of
inquiry from the latter when commanding the armies of the United States.
General Hancock says:
"When
I learned from General Custer, who investigated these matters on the spot, that
directly after they had abandoned the villages they attacked and burned a mail
station on the Smoky Hill, killed the white men at it, disembowelled and burned
them, fired into another station, endeavoured to gain admittance to a third,
fired on my expressmen both on the Smoky Hill and on their way to Larned, I
concluded that this must be war, and therefore deemed it my duty. to take the
first opportunity which presented to resent these hostilities and outrages, and
did so by destroying their villages."
The
first paragraph of General Hancock's special field order directing the
destruction of the Indian village read as follows:
"II.
As a punishment for the bad faith practised by the Cheyennes and Sioux who
occupied the Indian village at this place, and as a chastisement for murders
and depredations committed since the arrival of the command at this point, by
the people of these tribes, the village recently occupied by them, which is now
in our hands, will be utterly destroyed."
...
[Custer’s account of “The Box Massacre”]
The Box family consisted of
the father, mother, and five children, the eldest a girl about eighteen, the
youngest a babe. The entire family had been visiting at a neighbour’s house,
and were returning home in the evening, little dreaming of the terrible fate
impending, when Satanta and his warriors dashed upon them, surrounded the wagon
in which they were driving, and at the first fire killed the father and one of
the children. The horses were hastily taken from the wagon, while the mother
was informed by signs that she and her four surviving children must accompany
their captors. Mounting their prisoners upon led horses, of which they had a
great number stolen from the settlers, the Indians prepared to set out on their
return to the village, then located hundreds of miles north. Before departing
from the scene of the massacre, the savages scalped the father and children who
had fallen as their first victims. Far better would it have been had the
remaining members of the family met their death in the first attack. From the
mother, whom I met when released from her captivity, after living as a prisoner
in the hands of the Indians for more than a year, I gathered the details of the
sufferings of herself and children.
Fearing
pursuit by the Texans and desiring to place as long a distance as possible
between themselves and their pursuers, they prepared for a night march. Mrs.
Box and each of the three elder children were placed on separate horses and
securely bound. This was to prevent escape in the darkness. The mother was at
first permitted to carry the youngest child, a babe of a few months, in her
arms, but the latter, becoming fretful during the tiresome night ride, began to
cry. The Indians, fearing the sound of its voice might be heard by pursuers, snatched
it from its mother's arms and dashed its brains out against a tree, then threw
the lifeless remains to the ground and continued their flight. No halt was made
for twenty-four hours, after which the march was conducted more deliberately.
Each night the mother and three children were permitted to occupy one shelter,
closely guarded by their watchful enemies.
After
travelling for several days this war party arrived at the point where they
rejoined their lodges. They were still a long distance from the main village,
which was near the Arkansas. Each night the scalp of the father was hung up in
the lodge occupied by the mother and children. A long and weary march over a
wild and desolate country brought them to the main village. Here the captives
found that their most serious troubles were to commence. In accordance with
Indian custom upon the return of a successful war party, a grand assembly of
the tribe took place. The prisoners, captured horses, and scalps were brought
forth, and the usual ceremonies, terminating in a scalp dance, followed. Then
the division of the spoils was made. The captives were apportioned among the
various bands composing the tribe so that when the division was completed the
mother fell to the possession of one chief, the eldest daughter to that of
another, the second, a little girl of probably ten years, to another, and the
youngest, a child of three years, to a fourth. No two members of the family
were permitted to remain in the same band, but were each carried to separate villages,
distant from each other several days march. This was done partly to prevent
escape.
No
pen can describe the painful tortures of mind and body endured by this
unfortunate family. They remained as captives in the hands of the Indians for
more than a year, during which time the eldest daughter, a beautiful girl just
ripening into womanhood, was exposed to a fate infinitely more dreadful than
death itself. She first fell to one of the principal chiefs, who, after robbing
her of that which was more precious than life and forcing her to become the
victim of his brutal lust, bartered her in return for two horses to another
chief; he again, after wearying of her, traded her to a chief of a neighbouring
band; and in that way this unfortunate girl was passed from one to another of
her savage captors, undergoing a life so horribly brutal that, when meeting her
upon her release from captivity, one could only wonder how a young girl,
nurtured in civilization and possessed of the natural refinement and delicacy
of thought which she exhibited, could have survived such degrading treatment.
The
mother and second daughter fared somewhat better. The youngest, however,
separated from mother and sisters and thrown among people totally devoid of all
kind feeling, spent the time in shedding bitter tears. This so enraged the
Indians that, as a punishment as well as preventive, the child was seized and
the soles of its naked feet exposed to the flames of the lodge fire until every
portion of the cuticle was burned therefrom. When I saw this little girl a year
afterward her feet were from this cause still in a painful and unhealed
condition. These poor captives were reclaimed from their bondage through the
efforts of officers of the army, and by the payment of a ransom amounting to
many hundreds of dollars.
The
facts relating to their cruel treatment were obtained by me directly from the
mother and eldest daughter immediately after their release, which occurred a
few months prior to the council held with Satanta and other chiefs.
...
Chapter Seven.
White Deserters and Red Massacre.
...
[Custer’s account of the “massacre of Lietenant Kidder and his detachment]:
The main trail no longer
showed the footprints of Kidder's party, but instead Comstock discovered the tracks
of shod horses on the grass, with here and there numerous tracks of ponies, all
by their appearance proving that both horses and ponies had been moving at full
speed. Kidder's party must have trusted their lives temporarily to the speed of
their horses-a dangerous venture when contending with Indians. However, this
fearful race for life must have been most gallantly contested, because we
continued our march several miles farther without discovering any evidence of
the savages having gained any advantage. How painfully, almost despairingly
exciting must have been this ride for life! A mere handful of brave men
struggling to escape the bloody clutches of the hundreds of red-visaged demons,
who, mounted on their well-trained war ponies, were straining every nerve and
muscle to reek their hands in the life-blood of their victims. It was not death
alone that threatened this little band. They were not riding simply to preserve
life. They rode, and doubtless prayed as they rode, that they might escape the
savage tortures, the worse than death which threatened them. Would that their
prayer had been granted!
We
began leaving the high plateau and to descend into a valley through which, at
the distance of nearly two miles, meandered a small prairie stream known as
Beaver Creek. The valley near the banks of this stream was covered with a dense
growth of tall wild grass intermingled with clumps of osiers. At the point
where the trail crossed the stream we hoped to obtain more definite information
regarding Kidder's party and their pursuers, but we were not required to wait
so long. When within a mile of the stream I observed several large buzzards
floating lazily in circles through the air, and but a short distance to the
left of our trail. This, of itself, might not have attracted my attention
seriously but for the rank stench which pervaded the atmosphere, reminding one
of the horrible sensations experienced upon a battle-field when passing among
the decaying bodies of the dead.
As
if impelled by one thought Comstock, the Delawares, and half-a-dozen officers
detached themselves from the column and separating into squads of one or two
instituted a search for the cause of our horrible suspicions. After riding in
all directions through the rushes and willows, and when about to relinquish the
search as fruitless, one of the Delawares uttered a shout which attracted the
attention of the entire command; at the same time he was seen to leap from his
horse and assume a stooping posture, as if critically examining some object of
interest. Hastening, in common with many others of the party, to his side, a
sight met our gaze which even at this remote day makes my very blood curdle.
Lying in irregular order, and within a very limited circle, were the mangled
bodies of poor Kidder and his party, yet so brutally hacked and disfigured as
to be beyond recognition save as human beings.
Every
individual of the party had been scalped and his skull broken-the latter done
by some weapon, probably a tomahawk-except the Sioux chief Red Bead, whose
scalp had simply been removed from his head and then thrown down by his side.
This, Comstock informed us, was in accordance with a custom which prohibits an
Indian from bearing off the scalp of one of his own tribe. This circumstance, then,
told us who the perpetrators of this deed were. They could be none other than
the Sioux, led in all probability by Pawnee Killer.
Red
Bead, being less disfigured and mutilated than the others, was the only
individual capable of being recognized. Even the clothes of all the party had
been carried away; some of the bodies were lying in beds of ashes, with partly
burned fragments of wood near them, showing that the savages had put some of
them to death by the terrible tortures of fire. The sinews of the arms and legs
had been cut away, the nose of every man hacked off, and the features otherwise
defaced so that it would have been scarcely possible for even a relative to
recognize a single one of the unfortunate victims. We could not even
distinguish the officer from his men. Each body was pierced by from twenty to
fifty arrows, and the arrows were found as the savage demons had left them,
bristling in the bodies. While the details of that fearful struggle will
probably never be known, telling how long and gallantly this ill-fated little
band contended for their lives, yet the surrounding circumstances of ground,
empty cartridge shells, and distance from where the attack began, satisfied us
that Kidder and his men fought as only brave men fight when the watchword is
victory or death.
...
Chapter Eight.
Futile Marches and Countermarches.
...
The Indian warrior is capable
of assuming positions on his pony, the latter at full speed, which no one but
an Indian could maintain for a single moment without being thrown to the
ground. The pony, of course, is perfectly trained, and seems possessed of the
spirit of his rider. An Indian's wealth is most generally expressed by the
number of his ponies. No warrior or chief is of any importance or distinction
who is not the owner of a herd of ponies numbering from twenty to many
hundreds. He has for each special purpose a certain number of ponies, those
that are kept as pack animals being the most inferior in quality and value;
then the ordinary riding ponies used on the march or about camp, or when
visiting neighbouring villages; next in consideration is the buffalo pony,
trained to the hunt and only employed when dashing into the midst of the huge
buffalo herds, when the object is either food from the flesh or clothing and
shelter for the lodges, to be made from the buffalo hide; last, or rather
first, considering its value and importance, is the war pony, the favourite of
the herd, fleet of foot, quick in intelligence, and full of courage. It may be
safely asserted that the first place in the heart of the warrior is held by his
faithful and obedient war pony.
Indians
are extremely fond of bartering and are not behindhand in catching the points
of a good bargain. They will sign treaties relinquishing their lands and agree
to forsake the burial ground of their forefathers; they will part, for due
consideration, with their bow and arrows and their accompanying quiver,
handsomely wrought in dressed furs; their lodges even may be purchased at not
an unfair valuation, and it is not an unusual thing for a chief or warrior to
offer to exchange his wife or daughter for some article which may have taken
his fancy. This is no exaggeration; but no Indian of the Plains has ever been
known to trade, sell, or barter away his favourite war pony. To the warrior his
battle horse is as the apple of his eye. Neither love nor money can induce him
to part with it. To see them in battle and to witness how the one almost
becomes a part of the other...
...
Of the trophies relating to
war, the most prominent were human scalps representing all ages and sexes of
the white race. These scalps, according to the barbarous custom, were not
composed of the entire covering of the head, but of a small surface surrounding
the crown and usually from three to four inches in diameter, constituting what
is termed the scalp lock. To preserve the scalp from decay a small hoop of
about double the diameter of the scalp is prepared from a small withe which
grows on the banks of some of the streams in the West. The scalp is placed
inside the hoop and properly stretched by a network of thread connecting the
edges of the scalp with the circumference of the hoop. After being properly
cured, the dried fleshy portion of the scalp is ornamented in bright colours,
according to the taste of the captor, some-times the addition of beads of
bright and varied colours being made to heighten the effect. In other instances
the hair is dyed, either to a beautiful yellow or golden, or to crimson.
Several of these horrible evidences of past depredations upon the defenceless
inhabitants of the frontier or overland emigrants were brought back by the
troopers on their return from their scout. Old trails of small parties of
Indians were discovered, but none indicating the recent presence of war parties
in that valley were observable.
...
Chapter Nine.
Launching a Winter Campaign.
...
We had crossed weapons with
the Indians time and again during the mild summer months when the rich verdure
of the valleys served as bountiful and inexhaustible granaries in supplying
forage to their ponies, and the immense herds of buffaloes and other varieties
of game roaming undisturbed over the Plains supplied all the food that was
necessary to subsist the war parties and at the same time allow their villages
to move freely from point to point; and the experience of both officers and men
went to prove that in attempting to fight Indians in the summer season we were
yielding to them the advantages of climate and supplies; we were meeting them
on ground of their own selection, and at a time when every natural circumstance
controlling the result of a campaign was wholly in their favour; and as a just
consequence the troops, in nearly all these contests with the red men, had come
off second best.
During
the grass season nearly all Indian villages are migratory, seldom remaining
longer than a few weeks at most in any one locality, depending entirely upon
the supply of grass; when this becomes exhausted the lodges are taken down and
the entire tribe or band moves to some other point, chosen with reference to
the supply of grass, water, wood, and game. The distance to the new location is
usually but a few miles. During the fall, when the buffaloes are in the best
condition to furnish food and the hides are suitable to be dressed as robes, or
to furnish covering for the lodges, the grand annual hunts of the tribes take
place, by which the supply of meat for the winter is procured. This being done,
the chiefs determine upon the points at which the village shall be located; if
the tribe is a large one, the village is often subdivided, one portion or band
remaining at one point, other portions choosing localities within a circuit of
thirty or forty miles.
Except
during seasons of the most perfect peace, and when it is the firm intention of
the chiefs to remain on friendly terms with the whites at least during the
winter and early spring months, the localities selected for their winter
resorts are remote from the military posts and frontier settlements, and the knowledge
which might lead to them carefully withheld from every white man. Even during a
moderate winter season it is barely possible for the Indians to obtain
sufficient food for their ponies to keep the latter in anything above a
starving condition. Many of the ponies actually die from want of forage, while
the remaining ones become so weak and attenuated that it requires several weeks
of good grazing in the spring to fit them for service - particularly such
service as is required from the war ponies.
Guided
by these facts, it was evident that if we chose to avail ourselves of the
assistance of so exacting and terrible an ally as the frosts of winter - an
ally who would be almost as uninviting to friends as to foes we might deprive our
enemy of his points of advantage and force him to engage in a combat in which
we should do for him what he had hitherto done for us; compel him to fight upon
ground and under circumstances of our own selection. To decide upon making a
winter campaign against the Indians was certainly in accordance with that maxim
in the art of war which directs one to do that which the enemy neither expects
nor desires to be done.
...
Chapter Ten. The
Battle of the Washita.
...
In
this manner the battle of the Washita commenced. The bugles sounded the charge
and the entire command dashed rapidly into the village. The Indians were caught
napping; but realizing at once the dangers of their situation, they quickly
overcame their first surprise and in an instant seized their rifles, bows, and
arrows, and sprang behind the nearest trees, while some leaped into the stream,
nearly waist deep, and using the bank as a rifle-pit began a vigorous and
determined defence. Mingled with the exultant cheers of my men could be heard
the defiant war-whoop of the warriors, who from the first fought with a
desperation and courage which no race of men could surpass. Actual possession
of the village and its lodges was ours within a few moments after the charge
was made, but this was an empty victory unless we could vanquish the late
occupants, who were then pouring in a rapid and well directed fire from their
stations behind trees and banks. At the first onset a considerable number of
the Indians rushed from the village in the direction from which Elliot's party
had attacked. Some broke through the lines, while others came in contact with
the mounted troopers and were killed or captured.
Before
engaging in the fight orders had been given to prevent the killing of any but
the fighting strength of the village; but in a struggle of this character it is
impossible at all times to discriminate, particularly when, in a hand-to-hand
conflict such as the one the troops were then engaged in the squaws are as
dangerous adversaries as the warriors, while Indian boys between ten and
fifteen years of age were found as expert and determined in the use of the
pistol and bow and arrow as the older warriors. Of these facts we had numerous
illustrations. Major Benteen, in leading the attack of his squadron through the
timber below the village, encountered an Indian boy scarcely fourteen years of
age; he was well mounted and was endeavouring to make his way through the
lines. The object these Indians had in attempting this movement we were then
ignorant of, but soon learned to our sorrow. This boy rode boldly toward the
Major, seeming to invite a contest. His youthful bearing, and not being looked
upon as a combatant, induced Major Benteen to endeavour to save him by making
peace signs to him and obtaining his surrender, when he could be placed in a
position of safety until the battle was terminated; but the young savage
desired and would accept no such friendly concessions. He regarded himself as a
warrior and the son of a warrior and as such he purposed to do a warrior's part.
With revolver in hand he dashed at the Major, who still could not regard him as
anything but a harmless lad. Levelling his weapon as he rode, he fired, but
either from excitement or the changing positions of both parties his aim was
defective and the shot whistled harmlessly by Major Benteen's head. Another
followed in quick succession, but with no better effect. All this time the
dusky little chieftain boldly advanced, to lessen the distance between himself
and his adversary. A third bullet was sped on its errand and this time to some
purpose, as it passed through the neck of the Major's horse close to the
shoulder. Making a final but ineffectual appeal to him to surrender and seeing
him still preparing to fire again, the Major was forced in self-defence to
level his revolver and despatch him, although as he did so it was with
admiration for the plucky spirit exhibited by the lad and regret often
expressed that no other course under the circumstances was left him. Attached
to the saddle bow of the young Indian hung a beautifully wrought pair of small
moccasins elaborately ornamented with beads. One of the Major's troopers
afterward secured these and presented them to him. These furnished the link of
evidence by which we subsequently ascertained who the young chieftain was, a
title which was justly his, both by blood and bearing.
We
had gained the centre of the village and were in the midst of the lodges, while
on all sides could be heard the sharp crack of the Indian rifles and the heavy
responses from the carbines of the troopers. After disposing of the smaller and
scattering parties of warriors who had attempted a movement down the valley,
and in which some were successful, there was but little opportunity left for
the successful employment of mounted troops. As the Indians by this time had
taken cover behind logs and trees and under the banks of the stream which
flowed through the centre of the village, from which stronghold it was
impracticable to dislodge them by the use of mounted men, a large portion of
the command was at once ordered to fight on foot, and the men were instructed
to take advantage of the trees and other natural means of cover and fight the
Indians in their own style.
Cooke's
sharpshooters had adopted this method from the first, and with telling effect.
Slowly but steadily the Indians were driven from behind the trees, and those
who escaped the carbine bullets posted themselves with their companions who
were already firing from the banks. One party of troopers came upon a squaw
endeavoring to make her escape, leading by the hand a little white boy, a
prisoner in the hands of the Indians, and who doubtless had been captured by
some of their war parties during a raid upon the settlements. Who or where his
parents were, or whether still alive or murdered by the Indians, will never be
known, as the squaw, finding herself and prisoner about to be surrounded by the
troops and her escape cut off, determined, with savage malignity, that the
triumph of the latter should not embrace the rescue of the white boy. Casting
her eyes quickly in all directions to convince herself that escape was
impossible, she drew from beneath her blanket a huge knife and plunged it into
the almost naked body of her captive. The next moment retributive justice
reached her in the shape of a well-directed bullet from one of the troopers'
carbines. Before the men could reach them life was extinct in the bodies of
both the squaw and her unknown captive.
The
desperation with which the Indians fought may be inferred from the following:
Seventeen warriors had posted themselves in a depression in the ground which
enabled them to protect their bodies completely from the fire of our men, and
it was only when the Indians raised their heads to fire that the troopers could
aim with any prospect of success. All efforts to drive the warriors from this
point proved abortive and resulted in severe loss to our side. They were only
vanquished at last by our men securing positions under cover and picking them
off by sharpshooting as they exposed themselves to get a shot at the troopers.
Finally the last one was despatched in this manner. In a deep ravine near the
suburbs of the village the dead bodies of thirty-eight warriors were reported
after the fight terminated.
Many
of the squaws and children had very prudently not attempted to leave the
village when we attacked it, but remained concealed inside their lodges. All
these escaped injury, although when surrounded by the din and wild excitement
of the fight and in close proximity to the contending parties their fears
overcame some of them and they gave went to their despair by singing the death
song, a combination of weird-like sounds which were suggestive of anything but
musical tones. As soon as we had driven the warriors from the village and the
fighting was pushed to the country outside I directed Romeo, the interpreter,
to go around to all the lodges and assure the squaws and children remaining in
them that they would be unharmed and kindly cared for; at the same time he was
to assemble them in the large lodges designated for that purpose which were
standing near the center of the village. This was quite a delicate mission as
it was difficult to convince the squaws and children that they had anything but
death to expect at our hands.
...