MLA Guidelines for a Works Cited Page: Basic Format
According to MLA
style, you must have a Works Cited page at the end of your research paper.
Works Cited page preparation and formatting is covered in chapter 5 of the MLA Handbook, and chapter 6 of
the MLA Style Manual.
All entries in the Works Cited page must correspond to the works cited in your
main text.
Basic Rules
Capitalization and
Punctuation
Listing Author Names
Burke, Kenneth
Levy, David M.
Wallace, David Foster
Do not list titles (Dr., Sir, Saint, etc.) or degrees (PhD, MA,
DDS, etc.) with names. A book listing an author named "John Bigbrain,
PhD" appears simply as "Bigbrain, John"; do, however, include
suffixes like "Jr." or "II." Putting it all together, a
work by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. would be cited as "King, Martin
Luther, Jr.," with the suffix following the first or middle name and a
comma. For additional information on handling names, consult section 3.8 of The MLA Handbook and sections
6.6.1 and 3.6 of the MLA Style
Manual.
More than One Work by
an Author
If you have cited more
than one work by a particular author, order the entries alphabetically by
title, and use three hyphens in place of the author's name for every entry
after the first:
Burke, Kenneth. A Rhetoric of Motives.
---. A Grammar of Motives.
When an author or
collection editor appears both as the sole author of a text and as the first
author of a group, list solo-author entries first:
Heller, Steven, ed. The Education of an E-Designer.
Heller, Steven and Karen Pomeroy. Design
Literacy: Understanding Graphic Design.
Work with No Known
Author
Alphabetize works with
no known author by their title; use a shortened version of the title in the
parenthetical citations in your paper. In this case, Boring Postcards USA has no
known author:
Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulations.
Boring Postcards USA.
Burke, Kenneth. A Rhetoric of Motives.
Works Cited Page: Books
The MLA Style Manual provides
extensive examples of print source citations in chapter six; the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
provides extensive examples covering a wide variety of potential sources in
chapter six.
Books
First or single
author's name is written last name, first name. The basic form for a book
citation is:
Lastname, Firstname. Title of
Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Book with One Author
Gleick, James. Chaos:
Making a New Science. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.
Henley, Patricia. The
Hummingbird House. Denver: MacMurray, 1999.
Book with More Than
One Author
First author name is
written last name first; subsequent author names are written first name, last
name.
Gillespie, Paula, and
Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Boston:
Allyn, 2000.
If there are more than
three authors, you may list only the first author followed by the phrase et al.
(the abbreviation for the Latin phrase "and others"; no period after
"et") in place of the other authors' names, or you may list all the
authors in the order in which their names appear on the title page.
Wysocki, Anne Francis,
et al. Writing
New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition.
Logan, UT: Utah State UP, 2004.
or
Wysocki, Anne Francis,
Johndan Johnson-Eilola, Cynthia L. Selfe, and Geoffrey Sirc. Writing
New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition.
Logan, UT: Utah State UP, 2004.
Two or More Books by
the Same Author
After the first
listing of the author's name, use three hyphens and a period instead of the
author's name. List books alphabetically by title.
Palmer, William J. Dickens
and New Historicism. New York: St. Martin's, 1997.
---. The
Films of the Eighties: A Social History. Carbondale: Southern
Illinois UP, 1993.
Book by a Corporate
Author
A corporate author may
be a comission, a committee, or any group whose individual members are not
identified on the title page:
American Allergy Association.
Allergies
in Children. New York: Random, 1998.
Book with No Author
List and alphabetize
by the title of the book.
Encyclopedia of
Indiana. New York: Somerset,
1993.
For parenthetical
citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the title
instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and underlining as
appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the source above would
appear as follows: (Encyclopedia 235).
A Translated Book
Cite as you would any
other book, and add "Trans." followed by the
translator's/translators' name(s):
Foucault, Michel. Madness
and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason.
Trans. Richard Howard. New York: Vintage-Random House, 1988.
Anthology or
Collection
List by editor or
editors, follwed by a comma and "ed." or, for mulitple editors,
"eds."
Hill, Charles A. and
Marguerite Helmers, eds. Defining Visual Rhetorics.
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.
Peterson, Nancy J.,
ed. Toni
Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins UP, 1997.
A Part of a Book
Book parts include an
essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The basic
form is:
Lastname, First name.
"Title of Essay." Title of Collection. Ed.
Editor's Name(s). Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Pages.
Some actual examples:
Harris, Muriel.
"Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping
Writers One to One. Ed. Ben Rafoth. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann,
2000. 24-34.
Swanson, Gunnar.
"Graphic Design Education as a Liberal Art: Design and Knowledge in the
University and The 'Real World.'" The Education of a Graphic Designer.
Ed. Steven Heller. New York: Allworth Press, 1998. 13-24.
Cross-referencing: If you cite more than one essay from the same edited
collection, you should cross-reference within your works cited list in order to
avoid writing out the publishing information for each separate essay. To do so,
include a separate entry for the entire collection listed by the editor's name.
For individual essays from that collection, simply list the author's name, the
title of the essay, the editor's last name, and the page numbers. For example:
L'Eplattenier,
Barbara. "Finding Ourselves in the Past: An Argument for Historical Work
on WPAs." Rose and Weiser 131-40.
Peeples, Tim.
"'Seeing' the WPA With/Through Postmodern Mapping." Rose and Weiser
153-167.
Rose, Shirley K, and
Irwin Weiser, eds. The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1999.
A Multivolume Work
When citing only one
volume of a multivolume work, include the volume number after the work's title,
or after the work's editor or translator.
Quintilian. Institutio
Oratoria. Trans. H. E. Butler. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Loeb-Harvard UP,
1980.
When citing more than
one volume of a multivolume work, cite the total number of volumes in the work.
Quintilian. Institutio
Oratoria. Trans. H. E. Butler. 4 vols. Cambridge: Loeb-Harvard UP,
1980.
When citing
multivolume works in your text, always include the volume number followed by a
colon, then the page number(s):
...as Quintilian wrote
in Institutio
Oratoria (1:14-17).
An Introduction, a
Preface, a Forward, or an Afterword
When citing an
introduction, a preface, a forward, or an afterword, write the name of the
authors and then give the name of the part being cited, which should not be
italicized, underlined or enclosed in quotation marks.
Farrell, Thomas B.
Introduction. Norms of Rhetorical Culture. By Farrell. New Haven:
Yale UP, 1993. 1-13.
If the writer of the
piece is different from the author of the complete work, then write the full
name of after the word "By." For example:
Duncan, Hugh Dalziel.
Introduction. Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose. By
Kenneth Burke. 1935. 3rd ed. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984. xiii-xliv.
Other Print/Book
Sources
Certain book sources
are handled in a special way by MLA style.
The Bible (specific editions)
Give the name of the specific edition, any editor(s) associated with it,
followed by the publication information
The New Jerusalem Bible. Susan Jones, gen. ed. New York: Doubleday, 1985.
Your parenthetical citation will include the name of the specific edition
of the Bible, followed by an abbreviation of the book and chapter:verse(s),
e.g., (The New Jerusalem Bible
Gen. 1:2-6).
A Government Publication
Cite the author of the publication if the author is identified. Otherwise
start with the name of the government, followed by the the agency and any
subdivision.
Works Cited:
Periodicals
MLA style is slightly
different for popular periodicals, like newspapers, and scholarly journals, as
you'll learn below.
An Article in a
Newspaper or Magazine
Basic format:
Author(s). "Title
of Article." Title of Periodical Day Month Year: pages.
When writing the date,
list day before month; use a three-letter abbreviation of the month (e.g.,
Jan., Mar., Aug.). If there is more than one edition available for that date
(as in an early and late edition of a newspaper), identify the edition
following the date (e.g., 17 May 1987, late ed.).
Poniewozik, James.
"TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70-71.
Trembacki, Paul.
"Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team." Purdue Exponent
5 Dec. 2000: 20.
An Article in a
Scholarly Journal
Author(s). "Title
of Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): pages.
Actual example:
Bagchi, Alaknanda.
"Conflicting Nationalisms: The voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's
Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 15.1 (1996): 41-50.
If the journal uses
continuous pagination throughout a particular volume, only volume and year are
needed, e.g. Modern Fiction
Studies 40 (1998): 251-81. If each issue of the journal begins on
page 1, however, you must also provide the issue number following the volume,
e.g. Mosaic 19.3
(1986): 33-49.
Journal with Continuous
Pagination
Allen, Emily.
"Staging Identity: Frances Burney's Allegory of Genre." Eighteenth-Century
Studies 31 (1998): 433-51.
Journal with
Non-Continuous Pagination
Duvall, John N.
"The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in
DeLillo's White Noise." Arizona Quarterly 50.3 (1994):
127-53.
Works Cited: Electronic Sources
Some Tips on Handling
Electronic Sources
It is always a good
idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information, when possible. It
is good practice to print or save Web pages or, better, using a program like
Adobe Acrobat, to keep your own copies for future reference. Most Web browsers
will include URL/electronic address information when you print, which makes
later reference easy. Also learn to use the Bookmark function in your Web
browser.
Special Warning for
Researchers Writing/Publishing Electronically
MLA style requires
electronic addresses to be listed between carets ([<, >]). This is a
dangerous practice for anyone writing or publishing electronically, as carets
are also used to set off HTML, XHTML, XML and other markup language tags (e.g.,
HTML's paragraph tag, [ ]). When writing in electronic formats, be sure to
properly encode your carets.
Basic Style for
Citations of Electronic Sources
Here are some common
features you should try and find before citing electronic sources in MLA style.
Always include as much information as is available/applicable:
Web Sources
Web sites (in MLA
style, the "W" in Web is capitalized, and "Web site" or
"Web sites" are written as two words) and Web pages are arguably the
most commonly cited form of electronic resource today. Below are a variety of
Web sites and pages you might need to cite.
An Entire Web Site
Basic format:
Name of Site. Date of Posting/Revision. Name of
institution/organization affiliated with the site (sometimes found in copyright
statements). Date you accessed the site [].
It is necessary to
list your date of access because web postings are often updated, and
information available on one date may no longer be available later. Be sure to
include the complete address for the site. Here are some examples:
Long URLs
URLs that won't fit on
one line of your Works Cited list should be broken at slashes, when possible.
Some Web sites have
unusually long URLs that would be virtually impossible to retype; others use
frames, so the URL appears the same for each page. To address this problem,
either refer to a site's search URL, or provide the path to the resource from
an entry page with an easier URL. Begin the path with the word Path followed by
a colon, followed by the name of each link, separated by a semicolon. For
example, the Amazon.com URL for customer privacy and security information is
[tg/browse/-/551434/104-0801289-6225502>], so we'd need to simplify the
citation:
Amazon.com.
"Privacy and Security." 22 May 2006 []. Path: Help; Privacy &
Security.
A Page on a Web Site
For an individual page
on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by the information
covered above for entire Web sites. Make sure the URL points to the exact page
you are referring to, or the entry or home page for a collection of pages
you're referring to:
"Caret." Wikipedia:
The Free Encyclopedia. 28 April 2006. 10 May 2006 [].
"How to Make
Vegetarian Chili." eHow.com. 10 May 2006 [
how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html>].
Stolley, Karl.
"MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006.
Purdue University Writing Lab. 12 May 2006 [].
An Image, Including a
Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph
For works housed
outside of an online home, include the artist's name, the year the work was
created, and the institution (e.g., a gallery or museum) that houses it (if
applicable), follwed by the city where it is located. Include the complete
information for the site where you found the image, including the date of
access. In this first example, the image was found on the Web site belonging to
the work's home museum:
Goya, Francisco. The
Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del Prado, Madrid. 22 May 2006
[].
In this next example,
the owner of the online site for the image is different than the image's home
museum:
Klee, Paul. Twittering
Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The
Artchive. "Klee: Twittering Machine." 22 May 2006
[klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html>].
For other images, cite
as you would any other Web page, but make sure you're crediting the original
creator of the image. Here's an example from Webshots.com, an online
photo-sharing site ("brandychloe" is a username):
brandychloe. Great
Horned Owl Family. 22 May 2006
[47/7/17/41/347171741bgVWdN_fs.jpg>].
The above example
links directly to the image; but we could also provide the user's profile URL,
and give the path for reaching the image, e.g. brandychloe. Great Horned Owl Family. 22 May
2006 []. Path: Albums; birds; great horned owl family.
Doing so helps others
verify information about the images creator, where as linking directly to an
image file, like a JPEG (.jpg) may make verification difficult or impossible.
An Article in a Web
Magazine
Author(s). "Title
of Article." Title of Online Publication. Date of Publication.
Date of Access [].
For example:
Bernstein, Mark.
"10 Tips on Writing The Living Web." A List Apart: For People
Who Make Websites. No. 149 (16 Aug. 2002). 4 May 2006 [].
An Article in an
Online Scholarly Journal
Online scholarly
journals are treated different from online magazines. First, you must include
volume and issue information, when available. Also, some electronic journals
and magazines provide paragraph or page numbers; again, include them if
available.
Wheelis, Mark.
"Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and
Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases
6.6 (2000): 33 pars. 8 May 2006 [].
An Article from an
Electronic Subscription Service
When citing material
accessed via an electronic subscription service (e.g., a database or online
collection your library subscribes to), cite the relevant publication
information as you would for a periodical (author, article title, periodical
title, and volume, date, and page number information) followed by the name
of the database or subscription collection, the name of the library through which
you accessed the content, including the library's city and state, plus date of
access. If a URL is available for the home page of the service, include it. Do not include a URL to the
article itself, because it is not openly accessible. For example:
Grabe, Mark.
"Voluntary Use of Online Lecture Notes: Correlates of Note Use and Note
Use as an Alternative to Class Attendance." Computers and Education
44 (2005): 409-21. ScienceDirect. Purdue U Lib., West Lafayette, IN. 28 May
2006 [].
E-mail or Other Personal
Communication
Author. "Title of
the message (if any)." E-mail to person's name. Date of the message.
This same format may
be used for personal interviews or personal letters. These do not have titles,
and the description should be appropriate. Instead of "Email to John
Smith," you would have "Personal interview."
E-mail to You
Kunka, Andrew.
"Re: Modernist Literature." E-mail to the author. 15 Nov. 2000.
MLA style capitalizes
the E in E-mail, and separates E and mail with a hyphen.
E-mail Communication
Between Two Parties, Not Including the Author
Neyhart, David.
"Re: Online Tutoring." E-mail to Joe Barbato. 1 Dec. 2000.
A Listserv or E-mail
Discussion List Posting
Author. "Title of
Posting." Online posting. Date when material was posted (for example: 18
Mar. 1998). Name of listserv. Date of access [].
If the listserv does
not have an open archive, or an archive that is open to subscribers only (e.g.,
a password-protected list archive), give the URL for the membership or
subscription page of the listserv.
Discussion Board/Forum
Posting
If an author name is
not available, use the username for the post.
cleaner416. "Add
[][] Tags to Selected Text in a Textarea" Online posting. 8 Dec.
2004. Javascript Development. 3 Mar. 2006 [add-b-b-tags-to-selected-text-in-a-textarea-209193.html>].
An Article or
Publication in Print and Electronic Form
If you're citing an
article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you
retrieved from an online database that your library subscribes to, you should
provide enough information so that the reader can locate the article either in
its original print form or retrieve it from the online database (if they have
access).
Provide the following
information in your citation:
The generic citation
form would look like this:
Author. "Title of
Article." Periodical Name Volume Number (if necessary)
Publication Date: page number-page number. Database name. Service name. Library
Name, City, State. Date of access [].
Here's an example:
Smith, Martin.
"World Domination for Dummies." Journal of Despotry Feb. 2000:
66-72. Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale Group Databases. Purdue University
Libraries, West Lafayette, IN. 19 February 2003 [].
Article in a Database
on CD-ROM
"World War
II." Encarta. CD-ROM. Seattle: Microsoft, 1999.
Article From a
Periodically Published CD-ROM
Reed, William.
"Whites and the Entertainment Industry." Tennessee Tribune 25 Dec.
1996: 28. Ethnic NewsWatch. CD-ROM. Data Technologies, Feb. 1997.
Works Cited: Other
Non-Print Sources
Below you will find
MLA style guidance for other non-print sources.
A Personal Interview
Listed by the name of
the person you have interviewed.
Purdue, Pete. Personal
Interview. 1 Dec. 2000.
A Lecture or Speech
Include speaker name,
title of the speech (if any) in quotes, details about the meeting or event
where the speech was given, including its location and date of delivery. In
lieu of a title, label the speech according to its type, e.g., Guest Lecture,
Keynote Address, State of the Union Address.
Stein, Bob. Keynote
Address. Computers and Writing Conference. Union Club Hotel, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, IN. 23 May 2003.
Advertisement
List the company,
business, or organization; the publication, broadcast network, or Web address
where the advertisement appeared:
Lufthansa. Advertisement.
Time
20 Nov. 2000: 151.
Staples.
Advertisement. CBS. 3 Dec. 2000.
A Painting, Sculpture,
or Photograph
Include the artist's
name, the year the work was created, and the institution (e.g., a gallery or
museum) that houses it, follwed by the city where it is located.
Goya, Francisco. The
Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del Prado, Madrid.
If you're referring to
a photographic reproduction, include the information as above, but also include
the bibliographic information for the source in which the photograph appears,
including a page or other reference number (plate, figure, etc.). For example:
Goya, Francisco. The
Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del Prado, Madrid. Gardener's
Art Through the Ages. 10th ed. By Richard G. Tansey and Fred S.
Kleiner. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace. 939.
Broadcast Television
or Radio Program
Put the name of the
episode in quotation marks, and the name of the series or single program
underlined or in italics. Include the network, follwed by the station, city,
and date of broadcast.
"The Blessing
Way." The X-Files. Fox. WXIA, Atlanta. 19 Jul. 1998.
Recorded Television
Shows
Include information
about original broadcast, plus medium of recording. When the title of the
collection of recordings is different than the original series (e.g., the show Friends is in DVD release under
the title Friends: The Complete
Sixth Season), list the title that would be help researchers
located the recording.
"The One Where
Chandler Can't Cry." Friends: The Complete Sixth Season.
Writ. Andrew Reich and Ted Cohen. Dir. Kevin Bright. NBC. 10 Feb. 2000. DVD.
Warner Brothers, 2004.
Sound Recordings
Sound recordings list
album title, label and year of release (for re-releases, it's good to offer
either the original recording date, or original release date, when known). You
only need to indicate the medium if you are not referring to a compact disc (CD), e.g.,
Audiocasette or LP (for long-playing record). See section about online music
below.
Entire Albums
List by name of group
or artist (individual artists are listed last name first). Label underlined or
in italics, followed by label and year.
Foo Fighters. In Your
Honor. RCA, 2005.
Waits, Tom. Blue
Valentines. 1978. Elektra/Wea, 1990.
Individual Songs
Place the names of
individual songs in quotation marks.
Nirvana. "Smells
Like Teen Spirit." Nevermind. Geffen, 1991.
Spoken Word Albums
Treat spoken-word
albums the same as musical albums.
Hedberg, Mitch. Strategic
Grill Locations. Comedy Central, 2003.
Films and Movies
List films by their
title, and include the name of the director, the film studio or distributor and
its release year. If other information, like names of performers, is relevant
to how the film is referred to in your paper, include that as well.
Movies in Theaters
The Usual Suspects. Dir. Bryan Singer. Perf. Kevin Spacey,
Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri, Stephen Baldwin, and Benecio del Toro.
Polygram, 1995.
If you refer to the
film in terms of the role or contribution of a director, writer, or performer,
begin the entry with that person's name, last name first, follwed by role.
Lucas, George, dir. Star
Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. 1977. Twentieth Century Fox, 1997.
Recorded Movies
Include format names;
"Videocassette" for VHS or Betamax, DVD for Digital Video Disc. Also
list original release year after director, performers, etc.
Ed Wood. Dir. Tim Burton. Perf. Johnny Depp,
Martin Landau, Sarah Jessica Parker, Patricia Arquette. 1994. DVD. Touchstone,
2004.